Since 2014, toilet access has improved dramatically, with 82.5% of households now having access to toilets, up from 45% in 2004-05
Despite improved access, 11% of India’s population still practised open defecation in 2022, especially in rural areas
Budget allocations for the rural and urban missions have declined since 2018-19, potentially impacting maintenance and last-mile infrastructure
Malfunctioning toilets, lack of water, and personal preference for open defecation continue to hinder progress, requiring ongoing awareness efforts
State governments and local institutions must take greater responsibility for sustaining the momentum, focusing on capacity building and infrastructure
The Swachh Bharat Mission’s gains are too valuable to lose. States must take charge to ensure long-term success in human and economic development