China is increasingly using domestic laws to influence corporate conduct beyond its borders, creating a more complex operating environment for global businesses
Some Chinese measures can penalise companies for complying with foreign laws or sanctions, putting multinational firms between competing legal regimes
The expansion of China’s extraterritorial rules reflects the growing intensity of US-China competition, particularly in strategic and emerging technologies
European companies remain deeply linked to Chinese manufacturing and supply chains. Beijing’s measures add another layer of risk to Europe’s economic choices
For global companies, dependence on Chinese supply chains increasingly carries regulatory as well as commercial risks, making supply-chain diversification more important
The weakening of the multilateral trading system, particularly the WTO, poses risks for India’s ambitions. Strengthening global trade rules is increasingly in New Delhi’s interest