India’s ethanol-blending programme targets 20% by 2025, saving foreign exchange and cutting emissions
Sugarcane-based ethanol raises water stress and sugar prices. Maize imports add to concerns
States like Maharashtra and UP face groundwater depletion from sugarcane farming for ethanol
Low adoption of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) slows progress, with limited infrastructure and awareness
Second-gen biofuels and agri-waste can ease resource stress and meet ethanol goals sustainably
Balanced policies must address food, fuel, and environmental concerns for ethanol success