The 31-year-old, who won gold at the 2017 National Games, tested positive for the banned blood booster EPO during out- of-competition testing in August and her career now appears over.
The CAA also fined Wang 40,000 yuan ($6,000) and banned her coach Lyu Qiang for life.
Wang -- who came 57th in the marathon at the 2012 London Olympics -- was banned for two years in 2013 for a previous violation, the state-run Xinhua news agency said.
China this week banned speed skater Shi Xiaoxuan for two years for failing a drugs test, the second such case to hit the national team in quick succession.
CHINADA said it conducted a record 17,000 tests last year and vowed to root out drug cheats.
"In the past year we improved a lot, including testing methods, test plans and management," Chen Zhiyu, CHINADA deputy head, was quoted by Xinhua as saying.
Last year's testing returned 132 positive results, but in 55 cases the athletes were not punished because CHINADA ruled that they had tested positive for clenbuterol due to food contaminated with the banned performance-enhancer, Xinhua said.
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