The outspoken former bookseller from Aachen will quit after four years in office, during which he became one of the European Union's most high-profile politicians and gave its assembly sorely-needed visibility.
The bearded 60-year-old did not say if he would run for chancellor against Merkel, although he is widely expected to slot into a prime position for the Social Democratic Party (SPD), which is currently in coalition with her.
"It was not an easy decision, as it is an honour to be the president of the European parliament."
Schulz is tipped in Berlin as a possible replacement to Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel, who now leads the party but is behind Schulz in latest polling.
He is also floated as a possible replacement for Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, another top socialist who is to become Germany's next president.
Last week Schulz even won the support of his friend Jean-Claude Juncker, the head of European Commission, who went against his own EPP party to back Schulz.
Juncker - who reportedly said he could resign if the German stepped down - told reporters today "I regret it " when asked about Schulz's departure.
With Schulz's exit, the EPP group will now announce their own candidate to head the parliament. Its choice will become a near-certainty for the job.
He declined to say whether he would stand himself, with Irish deputy parliament chief Mairead McGuinness having also said she will stand.
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