Indonesia is battling a wave of fake news and online hate speech ahead of presidential elections in 2019, as a string of arrests underscore fears it could crack open social and religious fault lines in the world's largest Muslim-majority country.
The pluralist nation's reputation as a bastion of tolerance has been tested in recent months, as conservative groups exploit social media to spread lies and target minorities.
Police have cracked down, rounding up members of the Muslim Cyber Army (MCA), a cluster of loosely connected groups accused of using Facebook, Instagram and Twitter to attack the government and stoke religious extremism.
Two of the group's most high-profile falsehoods were claims that dozens of Islamic clerics had been assaulted by leftists and that Indonesia's outlawed communist party was on the rise, according to police.
Communism - and its hallmark atheist beliefs - remains a taboo subject in Indonesia, where bloody purges under the Suharto dictatorship in the mid-1960s killed half a million suspected leftists.
Gatot Eddy Pramono, the National Police's head of social affairs, has said the group wants to destabilise government and "create social conflict".
Although the Southeast Asian nation has seen Internet hoaxes before - including smear campaigns against President Joko Widodo during the 2014 presidential elections - the recent clampdown reflects authorities' mounting unease about their possible impact on election campaigning.
Indonesia will hold simultaneous regional elections in June, ahead of a presidential ballot in 2019.
Last month, the communications ministry announced it was deploying new software to identify fake news websites, while Widodo - who has battled false Internet claims that he is a communist - inaugurated a new cyber security agency in January.
Indonesia's problem with internet hoaxes and misinformation campaigns reached fever pitch in the lead up to elections in Jakarta in late 2016 and early 2017, with incumbent governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, nicknamed Ahok, bearing the brunt of it.
Ahok - the city's first Christian and ethnically Chinese leader - was lambasted by Islamic hardliners after an edited video appeared to show him insulting the Koran.
The allegations drew hundreds of thousands of conservative Muslims onto the streets of Jakarta in major protests, and led to the once-popular Ahok - an ally of Widodo - being jailed for blasphemy after losing the election to a Muslim challenger.
The Muslim Cyber Army played a pivotal role in disseminating content attacking Ahok and non-Muslims.
"MCA was organising and agitating with this case," said Savic Ali, director of the media department at Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Indonesia's largest moderate Muslim organisation.
"There was a clear sentiment about religion in many of its accounts."
"What they want to do now, in 2018, is copy what happened in Jakarta in other parts of the country."
"They don't know it is false."
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