Moon to be turned into giant particle detector

Scientists plan to turn the Moon into a giant particle detector to gain insight into the origin of Ultra-High-Energy (UHE) cosmic rays, which are the most high-energy particles in the Universe.
The origin of UHE cosmic rays is one of the great mysteries in astrophysics.
Nobody knows where these extremely rare cosmic rays come from or how they get their enormous energies. Physicists detect them on Earth at a rate of less than one particle per square kilometre per century.
Dr Justin Bray, a Research Fellow in Cosmic Magnetism at the University of Southampton, is lead author of a proposal to use the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), set to become the largest and most sensitive radio telescope in the world, to detect vastly more UHE cosmic rays by using the Moon as a giant cosmic ray detector.

On Earth, physicists detect these high-energy particles when they hit the upper atmosphere triggering a cascade of secondary particles that generate a short and faint burst of radio waves only a few nanoseconds long.
It is this signal that astronomers hope to pick up from the Moon, but as these signals are so short and faint no radio telescope on Earth is currently capable of picking them up.

With its large collecting area and high sensitivity, the SKA will be able to detect these signals using the visible lunar surface - millions of square kilometres - giving the researchers access to more data about UHE cosmic rays than they have ever had before.

The current largest detector on Earth is the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina that covers an area of 3,000 square kilometres, about the size Luxembourg.
The SKA will be more than 10 times larger (33,0000 square kilometres) and researchers hope to detect around 165 UHE cosmic rays a year from the Moon compared to the 15-a-year currently observed.
"Cosmic rays at these energies are so rare that you need an enormous detector to collect a significant number of them - but the Moon dwarfs any particle detector that has been built so far. If we can make this work, it should give us our best chance yet to figure out where they're coming from," Bray said.

"Defining science goals for the telescope is crucial for ensuring that the appropriate technical capabilities are considered during the design phase," Professor Anna Scaife, also from the University of Southampton, said.
Using a network of radio antennas in the Southern hemisphere, the SKA will advance our understanding of how the Universe evolved and challenge Einstein's theory of relativity.