Yorkshire batsman Root, previously England's vice-captain, had been the overwhelming favourite to replace Alastair Cook ever since the Essex opener resigned as Test skipper after a national record 59 matches in charge last week.
Root, who made his England debut under Cook, is now widely regarded as England's leading batsman.
"It is a huge honour to be given the England Test captaincy," the 26-year-old Root said in an ECB statement. "I feel privileged, humbled and very excited."
The ECB added all-rounder Ben Stokes would succeed Root as vice-captain of the Test side.
"We have a very good group of players, and I'm looking forward to leading them out in the summer -- building on Alastair's achievements and making the most of our talents in the years ahead," said Root.
"The senior guys in the changing room play a very influential role - and while there's a natural progression for me, it's a huge support to know that they are there to help and advise."
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