Benjamin Bishop, 60, told the court he mentioned a classified conference between US and South Korean officials while responding to an email from the 28-year-old girlfriend.
He admitted to keeping classified documents at his home, including ones outlining the US Pentagon's China strategy and the US military's posture in Asia and the Pacific. He told a US magistrate judge he didn't show the documents to anyone, but they shouldn't have been at his house.
Bishop faces up to 10 years in prison on each of two counts. Sentencing has been scheduled for June 26.
Authorities have not released the girlfriend's identity or whereabouts, or said publicly whether they believe she was working for the Chinese government.
An affidavit filed by the FBI last year alleged that she may have attended an international defence conference in Hawaii specifically to target people like Bishop who had access to classified information.
The affidavit said they met at the conference then started a romantic relationship in 2011.
Defence attorney Birney Bervar said Bishop and the woman were in love and that the case was about their relationship, not spying.
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