New way to turn CO2 into fuel: study

In a new twist to waste-to-fuel technology, scientists have developed a novel electrochemical process that uses low-cost materials to turn carbon dioxide into ethanol, a useful fuel.
"We discovered somewhat by accident that this material worked," said lead author Adam Rondinone, from US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
"We were trying to study the first step of a proposed reaction when we realised that the catalyst was doing the entire reaction on its own," said Rondinone.
The team used a catalyst made of carbon, copper and nitrogen and applied voltage to trigger a complicated chemical reaction that essentially reverses the combustion process.

With the help of the nanotechnology-based catalyst which contains multiple reaction sites, the solution of carbon dioxide dissolved in water turned into ethanol with a yield of 63 per cent.
Typically, this type of electrochemical reaction results in a mix of several different products in small amounts.

"We are taking carbon dioxide, a waste product of combustion, and we are pushing that combustion reaction backwards with very high selectivity to a useful fuel," Rondinone said.
"Ethanol was a surprise - it is extremely difficult to go straight from carbon dioxide to ethanol with a single catalyst," Rondinone added.
The catalyst's novelty lies in its nanoscale structure, consisting of copper nanoparticles embedded in carbon spikes.

This nano-texturing approach avoids the use of expensive or rare metals such as platinum that limit the economic viability of many catalysts.
"By using common materials, but arranging them with nanotechnology, we figured out how to limit the side reactions and end up with the one thing that we want," Rondinone said.
The researcher's initial analysis suggests that the spiky textured surface of the catalysts provides ample reactive sites to facilitate the carbon dioxide-to-ethanol conversion.
"They are like 50-nanometre lightning rods that concentrate electrochemical reactivity at the tip of the spike," Rondinone said.
Given the technique's reliance on low-cost materials and an ability to operate at room temperature in water, the researchers believe the approach could be scaled up for industrially relevant applications.

For instance, the process could be used to store excess electricity generated from variable power sources such as wind and solar.
"A process like this would allow you to consume extra electricity when it's available to make and store as ethanol. This could help to balance a grid supplied by intermittent renewable sources," Rondinone said.
The study was published in the journal ChemistrySelect.