The huge crowd thronged Yenikapi Square on the shores of the Marmara Sea for the demonstration, which was to culminate with an address by Erdogan.
On Thursday, thousands took part in a similar rally in the capital Ankara to denounce the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which has killed dozens of police and soldiers in a string of attacks in the mainly Kurdish southeast since the collapse of a two-year ceasefire in July.
"Martyrs never die, the homeland cannot be divided," the headbands read.
Erdogan's two-month-old offensive against the outlawed PKK -- which comes as the country prepares for a November 1 general election -- has divided Turks.
His critics accuse him of using a suicide bombing in a southeastern Turkish town that was blamed on Islamic State (IS) jihadists as a pretext for reigniting a three-decade conflict with the PKK for electoral gain.
Erdogan has tarred the PKK and IS with the same brush of extremism, but devoted much more firepower to airstrikes on PKK's bases along Turkey's border with Iraq than to air raids against the Kurds' jihadist foes.
"We will support Erdogan to the end. We are behind him because he defends our flag and our nation," Gunel Yildiz, a 43-year-old textile industry worker, who carried a giant Turkish flag, told AFP.
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