The news was unveiled on the first day of the Farnborough airshow, a key biennial event in the aviation sector calendar held southwest of London which sees Airbus battle with rival US giant Boeing for plane orders.
The A330neo, seen as a direct competitor to Boeing's 787 Dreamliner, will be available in two versions, the A330-800neo and the A330-900neo.
The jet will be powered by Rolls-Royce engines, Airbus said in a statement, adding it will be "the most cost efficient, medium range wide-body aircraft on the market".
Airbus said the new A330neo would cut fuel consumption by 14 per cent per seat, and that deliveries will start in the fourth quarter of 2017.
"The A330 is a very important margin contributor for our group. It's also one of the most reliable and efficient commercial aircraft ever," said Airbus Group chief executive Tom Enders.
"With our decision to re-engine... We will keep the A330 flying high for many more years to come."
In the absence of truly new technologies or revolutionary materials -- such as light-weight carbon composites used in new fuel-efficient planes -- the launch of a brand new passenger jet is not envisaged before five to seven years.
This has left Airbus and Boeing to modernise current models, such as the US giant's 777X, a new version of its jumbo that seats between 350 and 450 passengers.
Airbus separately announced that International Airlines Group, parent of British Airways and Spain's Iberia, had converted 20 A320neo options into a firm order, for delivery in 2018 and 2019.
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