Consuming less calories key to longer, healthier life: study

Restricting calories may help you live longer and healthier life, say scientists, resolving one of the most controversial stories in ageing research.
In 2009, a team from University of Wisconsin-Madison in the US reported significant benefits in survival and reductions in cancer, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance for monkeys that ate less than their peers.
In 2012, however, a team from the US National Institute on Ageing (NIA) reported no significant improvement in survival but did find a trend toward improved health.
"These conflicting outcomes had cast a shadow of doubt on the translatability of the caloric-restriction paradigm as a means to understand aging and what creates age-related disease vulnerability," said Rozalyn Anderson from UW-Madison.

Working together, the teams analysed data gathered over many years and including data from almost 200 monkeys from both studies. Now, scientists think they know why the studies showed different results.
First, the animals in the two studies had their diets restricted at different ages. Comparative analysis showed that eating less is beneficial in adult and older primates but is not beneficial for younger animals.

This is a major departure from prior studies in rodents, where starting at an earlier age is better in achieving the benefits of a low-calorie diet.
Second, in the old-onset group of monkeys at NIA, the control monkeys ate less than the Wisconsin control group.

This lower food intake was associated with improved survival compared to the Wisconsin controls.
The previously reported lack of difference in survival between control and restricted groups for older-onset monkeys within NIA emerges as beneficial differences when compared to the UW-Madison data. In this way, it seems that small differences in food intake in primates could meaningfully affect aging and health.
Third, diet composition was substantially different between studies. The NIA monkeys ate naturally sourced foods and the UW-Madison monkeys ate processed food with higher sugar content.
The UW-Madison control animals were fatter than the control monkeys at NIA, indicating that at nonrestricted levels of food intake, what is eaten can make a big difference for fat mass and body composition.

Finally, the team identified key sex differences in the relationship between diet, adiposity (fat) and insulin sensitivity, where females seem to be less vulnerable to adverse effects of adiposity than males.
This new insight appears to be particularly important in primates and likely is translatable to humans.
The study was published in the journal Nature Communications.