Qiao, who joined the ruling party at age 15, headed China's parliament in the 1990s and was a member of the party Politburo Standing Committee, the country's most powerful body, for a decade, according to the official Xinhua news agency.
He also served as the nation's security chief but retired from all his posts in 1998.
During the political turmoil of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, Qiao was persecuted and held in isolation for an unspecified duration, Xinhua said.
He was at the apex of his power during the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown on pro-democracy protesters.
He was later put in charge of the rubber-stamp legislature, the National People's Congress, a role some experts saw as a demotion since its function is largely ceremonial.
The party central committee, in a statement quoted by Xinhua, extolled Qiao "as an excellent party member, a time-tested and loyal communist soldier, and an outstanding proletarian revolutionist, statesman and leader of the party and the state".
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