The 31-year-old Briton came home comfortably ahead of the German to trim his advantage to 19 points with two races remaining after a fiery finish to the 71-lap race.
This saw four-time champion Sebastian Vettel lose his temper during a tempestuous exchange following a clash with Dutch teenager Max Verstappen of Red Bull.
The conflict was settled by the stewards who swiftly handed the Dutchman a five-second penalty for gaining an advantage when he went off the track at Turn One.
However, almost three hours after the race had ended, Vettel was penalised 10 seconds and demoted from third to fifth after officials deemed he had made a dangerous blocking move on Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo.
That moved Ricciardo up to third and Verstappen to fourth.
But the final fury could not overshadow a near-flawless drive by Hamilton to his second win in succession, his eighth of the season and the 51st of his career.
Hamilton also went off-circuit at Turn One on the opening lap, but without being penalised -- in much the same way that Verstappen was to in the closing laps -- before he settled and drove with his customary elan.
Rosberg said: "It's been a good day. I haven't been too fast this weekend so I have to accept second. I got shunted at the start and had a battle with Max Verstappen late on, so second is ok."
"He (Verstappen) left the track and didn't move and so you can understand why I was annoyed."
Sixth was Kimi Raikkonen in the second Ferrari while Nico Hulkenberg was seventh for Force India.
Valtteri Bottas finished eighth for Williams ahead of his team-mate Felipe Massa and local hero Sergio Perez who claimed the final point in the second Force India.
- Vettel rants at Verstappen -
==============================
The Mercedes team's one-two victory was a record 17th for the season and it was Hamilton's 30th win from pole position.
Hamilton is now level with four-time champion Frenchman Alain Prost on 51 wins.
Rosberg can clinch his maiden drivers' title if he wins the Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos, a circuit on which Hamilton has never won, on November 13.
On a bright and dry afternoon at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez, a crowd of around 110,000 generated a raucous atmosphere before the lights went out for the start.
Hamilton, after a sluggish first phase to his launch from his 10th pole position of the season, pulled clear to lead the 900-metres run down to Turn one where he locked up heavily, creating a flat spot on a tyre, and ran off circuit.
That incident required a stewards inquiry which resulted in no action taken.
Verstappen, as so often, was providing much of the entertainment as he hunted down Rosberg.
When the German locked up, on lap 49, the teenager passed him at Turn One with a lunge down the inside, but he was unable to control it and ran wide.
That was the incident which caused the controversy and penalties which followed.
Disclaimer: No Business Standard Journalist was involved in creation of this content
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