Officials said the project will begin next year and cost 141.5 billion Hong Kong dollars (USD 18.2 billion).
About 650 hectares of land will be reclaimed from the sea for the runway and a new passenger building. Construction is expected to be completed by 2023.
Hong Kong International Airport expects to reach maximum capacity under its current layout by 2022 at the latest.
Strong growth in China has been a key driver of Hong Kong airport traffic. Most of the visitors to the specially administered Chinese region come from mainland China, which is one of the fastest growing air travel markets.
The airport predicts that the third runway will allow it to handle 102 million passengers and 8.9 million tons of freight a year by 2030.
Across Asia, airport operators are scrambling to build new terminals or expand existing ones to keep up with growth in air travel.
