"The protection of Europe can no longer be outsourced," Juncker told a defence conference in Prague.
"Over the past decade, it has become crystal clear that our American partners consider that they are shouldering too much of the burden for their wealthy European allies," he said.
On Wednesday, the EU unveiled an unprecedented plan to set up a 5.5-billion-euro (USD 6.15-billion) a year fund, following a Franco-German led bid to focus on security and defence to provide a new sense of purpose after last year's Brexit vote shook Europe.
US President Donald Trump, who follows an "America First" policy, berated his European partners on military spending at a raucous NATO summit in Brussels last month.
Juncker said the EU would not compete with NATO, with which it shares 22 members, adding: "NATO has been and will remain the cornerstone of European security for decades. We are different but we complement each other."
NATO Deputy Secretary General Rose Gottemoeller said the alliance welcomed the proposed fund.
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