Police said the man had a "social justice" protest sign with him when he produced a weapon and shot himself on the western side of the building yesterday afternoon.
US Capitol Police Chief Kim Dine said no shots were fired by police. His force investigated a backpack and case the man had with him before reopening the legislative building and its visitor centre.
Dine said the shooting was not terrorism-related, declining to comment further on the man's identity or his motive pending an investigation.
"We potentially know who he is but obviously we have to secure that and verify it," Dine said.
Washington is in the middle of one of its peak tourism seasons as visitors flock to view the city's famous cherry blossoms.
Groups of tourists milled around the police tape closing off a large area filled with emergency response vehicles.
The shooting took place just after 1:00 pm (2230 IST) and the lockdown ended nearly three hours later.
The entrance for tourists is on the opposite side of the building from where the shooting occurred, but visitors frequently walk across much of the Capitol grounds.
"Just ran from the capital building after a protester shot himself right next to us," tweeted one visitor.
Another wrote: "Just witnessed someone shoot themselves at the U.S. Capitol.. Whole place is on lockdown."
Most of the city's downtown area was not impacted by the shooting that closed the Capitol.
Washington security bodies have dealt with a number of incidents recently that have raised questions about their ability to secure the US capital.
Late last month, US police opened fire and one suspect died after two men dressed in women's clothing tried to ram their car onto the grounds of the National Security Agency outside Washington.
Separately, Secret Service agents were found to have driven into White House barricades after a night of drinking, provoking the ire of Congress that has called into questions the force's overall capabilities.
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