Naked mole-rats behave like plants to survive low oxygen

Naked mole-rats can survive oxygen deprivation - that kills humans in minutes - by metabolising fructose just like plants do, a new study has found.
The finding could lead to treatments for patients suffering crises of oxygen deprivation, such as heart attacks and strokes, researchers said.
"This is just the latest remarkable discovery about the naked mole-rat - a cold-blooded mammal that lives decades longer than other rodents, rarely gets cancer, and doesn't feel many types of pain," said Thomas Park, professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in the US.
In humans, laboratory mice, and all other known mammals, when brain cells are starved of oxygen they run out of energy and begin to die.

However, naked mole-rats have a backup: their brain cells start burning fructose, which produces energy anaerobically through a metabolic pathway that is only used by plants - or so scientists thought.
In the new study, the researchers exposed naked mole-rats to low oxygen conditions in the laboratory and found that they released large amounts of fructose into the bloodstream.

The fructose, the scientists found, was transported into brain cells by molecular fructose pumps that in all other mammals are found only on cells of the intestine.
The naked mole-rat is a cold-blooded mammal that can live to 30, rarely gets cancer and does not feel pain.

"The naked mole-rat has simply rearranged some basic building-blocks of metabolism to make it super-tolerant to low oxygen conditions," said Park.
At oxygen levels low enough to kill a human within minutes, naked mole-rats can survive for at least five hours, Park said.
They go into a state of suspended animation, reducing their movement and dramatically slowing their pulse and breathing rate to conserve energy. They begin using fructose until oxygen is available again.
The naked mole-rat is the only known mammal to use suspended animation to survive oxygen deprivation.
The scientists also showed that naked mole-rats are protected from another deadly aspect of low oxygen - a buildup of fluid in the lungs called pulmonary edema that afflicts mountain climbers at high altitude.

The scientists think that the naked mole-rats' unusual metabolism is an adaptation for living in their oxygen-poor burrows.
Unlike other subterranean mammals, naked mole-rats live in hyper-crowded conditions, packed in with hundreds of colony mates. With so many animals living together in unventilated tunnels, oxygen supplies are quickly depleted.
The research was published in the journal Science.