Schneider, 50, will take over on January 1, replacing outgoing chief Paul Bulcke who has been nominated to become the company's chairman.
In tapping Schneider for the post, Nestle bucked its near century-long track-record of picking in-house candidates as chief executives.
The last time the company selected an outsider as chief executive was in 1922, when banker Louis Dappels was brought in to reverse financial losses.
Nestle said Schneider's selection points towards a shift in the company's strategy.
In announcing Schneider's hiring, the company's board "reconfirmed the long-term orientation for Nestle as a Nutrition, Health and Wellness company," a statement said.
Choosing Schneider, a German-US national who thrived as the head of the healthcare company Fresenius, was consistent with that strategy, the board said.
"Schneider will trigger a new era at Nestle," Bank Vontobel analyst Jean-Philippe Bertschy wrote.
The new chief's plans may include a "radical" streamlining of the company's product portfolio, especially in traditional areas like chocolate, while pursuing new opportunities in the health sector, according to Bertschy.
Schneider, who will begin at Nestle for a transition period in September, said he was honoured to join "an iconic global company".
"With consumers around the world taking a deeper interest in their personal health and wellbeing, Nestle's industry-leading global food and beverage business positions it well for advancing the vision of Nutrition, Health and Wellness," he said in a statement.
In a study released this month, the UN-linked Global Nutrition Report said nearly two billion of the world's estimated seven billion people are either obese or overweight.
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