Putin said any military strikes without UN approval would be "an aggression", as he called for evidence on chemical weapons attack to be presented to the Security Council.
He, however, softened his tone ahead of the G20 summit in Russia, saying he has not ruled out supporting a UN Security Council resolution authorising force, if it was proved "beyond doubt" that the Syrian government used chemical weapons.
"If there is evidence that chemical weapons were used, and by the regular army... Then this evidence must be presented to the UN Security Council. And it must be convincing," Putin, gearing up to host world leaders, including US president Barack Obama, at the G20 summit, said.
But he added that Russia would "be ready to act in the most decisive and serious way" if there was clear proof of what weapons were used and who used them.
However, the text of the draft resolution was not officially released.
The US has alleged that the nerve agent sarin was used by the Assad regime on August 21 and that at least 1,429 people were killed, including over 400 children.
The US has said it not only risks losing its international allies and friends, but also its credibility at the world stage if no military action is taken against the Assad regime for alleged use of chemical weapons.
Kerry said that the credibility of US is at stake.
"It's fair to say that our interests would be seriously set back in many respects if we are viewed as not capable, or willing to follow through on the things that we say matter to us," the Secretary of State said.
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