Afghan officials had said 11 civilians, including women and children, were killed when a private vehicle was struck in Haska Mina district of Nangarhar province, a hotbed of Islamic State activity, on Thursday.
But United States Forces-Afghanistan said in a statement the air strike "killed a number of militants".
"The militants were observed loading weapons in to a vehicle and were under surveillance until the vehicle was destroyed by an airstrike," said Bob Purtiman, a spokesman for American operations in Afghanistan.
"This was the second false claim of civilian casualties in the same district in the last three weeks," Purtiman added.
Of the roughly 13,000 foreign forces in Afghanistan only the US carries out airstrikes.
They have been regularly targeting IS fighters who control several districts in restive Nangarhar.
Civilian casualties caused by NATO forces have been one of the most contentious issues in the close to 16-year campaign against insurgents, prompting strong public and government criticism.
Last month a US air strike killed 16 policemen in Helmand province. It came after a US air strike in Sangin killed at least 18 civilians, mostly women and children, in February.
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