The Treasury Department's action targets Batoul Rida, a Syrian central bank official, and three "front companies" that help fund Syria's development of ballistic missiles and nonconventional weapons.
It cites Rida's involvement in cash transfers with US-sanctioned institutions that enable the government's "military campaign against the Syrian people."
One of the companies is based in Syria; two are in Lebanon.
The Treasury Department's sanctions chief, Adam Szubin, says Syrian President Bashar Assad's government is a "gross violator of human rights" and engages in "dangerous weapons proliferation."
