Luisa Ortega faced imminent suspension after her move cranked up the tension in a standoff with President Nicolas Maduro, who is resisting fierce opposition calls to quit.
Ortega, 59, is the most senior figure to defy Maduro as he fends off efforts to remove him from power in the volatile oil-exporting nation.
"I am not going condone a circus that will stain our history with shame and pain and whose decision is foretold," Ortega told a news conference at the public prosecution department.
Ortega's stand has raised the prospect of a split in the government camp that could tip the balance in a deadly power struggle. Three months of unrest have left 90 people dead, prosecutors say.
Protesters blame Maduro, a socialist, for a desperate economic crisis. He says the chaos is the result of a US- backed conspiracy.
Ortega launched a legal challenge against the government on human rights grounds, and a case against Supreme Court judges.
Pro-government lawmaker Pedro Carreno responded by filing charges against Ortega, alleging "serious errors in the carrying out of her functions."
He also alleged she was suffering from "insanity" and should be fired.
Last week, the Supreme Court ordered Ortega's assets to be frozen and banned her from leaving the country.
The court held its hearing yesterday in her absence and said afterwards it would decide within five days whether to send her to trial and suspend her from office.
"She sold her soul to the devil," Carreno said in the hearing. "She had her price and became a traitor just like Judas."
Harrington was targeted by US sanctions in 2015 for alleged human rights breaches in jailing opposition leaders.
Ortega backed the "Chavista" socialist movement launched by Maduro's late predecessor Hugo Chavez.
But she broke ranks with the current president in March.
She accused the Supreme Court of undermining democracy through a short-lived ruling that seized power from the opposition-led legislature. The opposition says the court is packed with Maduro's allies.
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