Shah dismissed Kusal Mendis for 10 in the last over before the interval after earlier removing opener Kaushal Silva for 12 to kick-start Pakistan on a greenish wicket at Sheikh Zayed Stadium.
Opener Dimuth Karunaratne was unbeaten on 32.
Silva had helped his fellow opener build a cautious start of 34 as Pakistan's fast bowlers failed to get any assistant from the pitch.
The two-hour session saw only two boundaries as Pakistan, who entered the Test with three pace bowlers and one frontline spinner in Shah, pressed for wickets in the second hour.
Left-hander Lahiru Thirimanne, playing his first Test after a 15-month break, became Shah's 150th Test wicket as he missed a full-length delivery and was trapped leg-before without scoring.
Shah joins fellow countryman Waqar Younis as the joint second fastest to 150 wickets -- both achieving the milestone in their 27th Test.
Australia's Sydney Barnes holds the record after reaching 150 wickets in 24 Tests.
Shah then had Mendis caught by keeper Sarfraz Ahmed on the stroke of lunch to give Pakistan an ideal first session.
Pakistan handed a Test cap to batsman Haris Sohail, while Sri Lanka went into the game with three spinners and two seamers.
English umpire Ian Gould became an early morning casualty as the 60-year-old suffered an upset stomach and was replaced by his fellow countryman Richard Kettleborough, originally the television umpire.
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