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Can agglomeration logic still help our people-dense, infra-scarce cities?

Urban agglomeration has long been assumed to lead naturally to growth, but India's failing infrastructure and environmental stress tell a different story

Asia’s contribution to global growth led by India in the coming years will be the largest. India’s growth will create a large migration to cities, requiring focus on urban development
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A 2024 study on the municipal performance of Indian cities underscored how poorly equipped many urban centres are to support effective agglomeration.

Amit Kapoor Mumbai

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In urban economics, “agglomeration” is the stuff of dreams. When firms, workers, and ideas cluster in dense, dynamic cities, they reap the rewards of shared infrastructure, pooled labour, and innovation. Economists from Alfred Marshall to Edward Glaeser have lauded these “agglomeration economies” as engines of productivity and growth. For some time now, several Tier-I cities in India have followed this agglomeration logic. Bengaluru drew in tech firms and engineers, Mumbai concentrated finance, media, and ambition in a few square kilometres, and Delhi pulled together politics, bureaucracy, and everything in between.
 
In theory, this clustering should have supercharged productivity — and
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