The decisions were taken at the Cabinet meeting headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, sources said.
The FDI ceiling in the sensitive defence sector has been hiked to 49% from current 26%, with the condition that control in joint ventures for manufacturing of defence equipment will remain in Indian hands.
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In relation to the railways, the Cabinet approved allowing 100% FDI in areas such as high-speed train systems, suburban corridors and dedicated freight line projects implemented in PPP mode.
Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in his Budget speech for 2014-15 had announced plans to increase FDI in the defence sector and open up the cash-starved government-owned railways.
The Cabinet today gave approval to the announcements made in the Budget.
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