The youth, who was apparently of Moroccan origin and aged around 20, tried to enter the building in the northern 18th district of the French capital wearing what was at first thought to be an explosives vest, but was later found to be a fake.
A source close to the investigation said a piece of paper found on the man's body "vows allegiance" to the Islamic State group and said he was avenging French "attacks in Syria".
The drama unfolded just after President Francois Hollande concluded a sombre speech at police headquarters to mark the anniversary of the attack on the Paris office of satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015.
Explosives experts were sent to the scene in the largely north African immigrant district of Goutte d'Or, near the tourist hotspot of Montmartre.
The attacker was found to have been wearing a pouch under his coat with a wire hanging from it, but the device "contained no explosives", a source close to the investigation told AFP.
"In a country where the level of threat is extremely high, the police, gendarmes, the security forces... Are in the frontline," he said.
With France still grieving after the massacre of 130 people by jihadists in Paris in November -- also claiming vengeance for France's role in Syria -- Hollande used his speech to call for greater cooperation between the security services to thwart attacks.
"Faced with these adversaries, it is essential that every service -- police, gendarmerie, intelligence, military -- work in perfect harmony, with the greatest transparency, and that they share all the information at their disposal," the president said.
Hollande said that since the attack on Charlie Hebdo, nearly 200 people in France had been placed under travel restrictions to prevent them joining up with IS in Syria or Iraq.
The president said the three police officers killed in January's attacks "died so that we could live in freedom".
A police bodyguard who was guarding the newspaper's editor, Charb, was killed alongside him by brothers Cherif and Said Kouachi and they shot dead another policeman, Ahmed Merabet, as he sprawled on the pavement near Charlie Hebdo's offices.
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