Lakhs of devotees gathered at Pandharpur, located in Solapur district of western Maharashtra, on the occasion.
"Feeling blessed and positive," Fadnavis said, after the early morning ritual.
Ekadashi marks the culmination of pilgrimage, called 'waari', that devotees undertake from across the state on foot to reach the temple town.
In Mumbai, large crowds gathered at Vitthal temple in Wadala to perform puja on the auspicious occasion.
Arrangements were made to ensure smooth traffic flow in the area.