Binali Yildirim, who replaced Ahmet Davutoglu as prime minister last week, was backed by 315 parliamentarians while 138 voted against, parliament speaker Ismail Kahraman said after the ballot.
Yildirim described his new administration as "the government of 79 million Turks" in a short speech to parliament following the vote, promising to "take democracy even further".
The new government takes office amid opposition accusations that Erdogan is attempting to rule like a dictator by enhancing his own power.
The ruling AKP party will now seek a "mini-revision" to the constitution that would allow Erdogan to become a "party-affiliated president" instead of remaining non-partisan.
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Rahul Gandhi also expressed shock over the terror attack in Istanbul.
"Shocked &deeply saddened by news of yet another terror attack in Istanbul;.Strongly condemn this cowardly attack on innocents".
"My prayers are with the families of the victims & the ppl of #Istanbul",the Congress Vice Presidentsaid on Twitter.
