This means that during the January-September period, of the total value of trade eligible for concessional tariffs under the trade agreement, 77 per cent of the value of Indian goods is being exported using the preferential or ECTA route.
For Indian exporters, sectors that have benefited from the trade deal include iron and steel products, linens, agricultural products, and electrical conductors.
India-Australia ECTA kicked in on December 29, 2022. Through this deal, India hopes to benefit from preferential market access provided by Australia on 100 per cent of its tariff lines.
While as much as 51 per cent of Australia’s approximately 6,500 tariff lines attracted zero import duty even before ECTA kicked in, as part of the deal, duty for 3,185 tariff lines was brought down to zero with effect from December 2022. However, in the case of some products, the duty reduction will take place over five years.
In a free trade agreement (FTA), the utilisation rate is one of the key parameters to assess how a trade agreement is faring or the real gains from the deal.
Utilisation for some tariff lines is even higher. For instance, the utilisation for some iron and steel products exported to Australia is 100 per cent, with the value of such products totalling $109.4 million, according to official data.
Similarly, the utilisation was nearly 90 per cent for some linen exports to Australia, totalling $54.39 million, and almost 100 per cent in the case of electrical conductors valued at $43.9 million.
FTA utilisation has been one of the key challenges with trade deals that India signed more than 10 years ago. The utilisation has been poor due to the cumbersome process of getting a certificate of origin and related verification since the process was manual, low awareness about FTAs in the industry, as well as few non-tariff barriers.
According to a Delhi-based think tank, Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), on average, the FTA use for exports is estimated in the range of only 20-30 per cent.
On the other hand, the use is much higher in the case of imports and ranges between 60 per cent and 70 per cent, although India has never officially released any utilisation data with its FTA partners such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Japan, or South Korea.
“FTAs lower the import duty, but if it is already zero, FTAs offer no benefit. This is the biggest reason for Indian firms not using FTAs for exports…. On the contrary, India’s most-favoured nation duties are high. When these come down to zero under an FTA, importers get high margins leading to higher utilisation of India’s FTAs,” GTRI said in a report released in November last year.
The high utilisation comes despite a dip in overall exports to Australia. In terms of value, exports witnessed a nearly 9 per cent contraction year-on-year at $6.22 billion, mainly due to external factors affecting trade.
Imports also witnessed a contraction during the nine months ending in September to $7.89 billion from $8.6 billion a year ago, in line with the trend in India’s imports from the rest of the world.
As part of ECTA, India has offered preferential access to Australia on over 70 per cent of its tariff lines, including lines of export interest to Australia, which are primarily raw materials and intermediaries such as coal, mineral ores, and wines.
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