With 21 pacts signed during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day visit to Tokyo for the 15th annual summit, India and Japan have signalled a significant deepening of bilateral ties in the context of the geopolitical challenges emerging from across the Pacific. An indirect validation of the impulse to do so for both countries emerged hours after Mr Modi’s meeting with his Japanese counterpart, Shigeru Ishiba, with American President Donald Trump reportedly dropping plans to visit India for the Quad summit later this year. This informal security partnership of the United States (US), India, Japan, and Australia was once considered a

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