The tail was hoisted from a depth of about 30 metres, using inflatable bags and then a crane was used to lift it on to a rescue ship.
It was not immediately clear if the cockpit voice and flight data recorders were still inside the tail or had detached when the Airbus A320 crashed on December 28 en route to Singapore from Surabaya with 162 people on board.
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Divers were also sent to investigate underwater pings that may be coming from the flight recorders.
Searchers spotted the tail section - where the black box is located - 30 kms from the plane's last known location on Wednesday, a day after divers joined the multi-national hunt. Officials say the black box could have been separated from the rear part of the plane.
The black box contains the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder, crucial to determine the cause of the crash.
If the data recorders are retrieved undamaged and downloaded successfully, initial answers over what caused the crash could come within days.
The data recorders contain underwater locator beacons which emit the so-called 'pings' for at least 30 days.
The search operation is being coordinated by Indonesia's National Search and Rescue Agency and involves the military, police, and Transportation Ministry.
Forty-eight bodies have been retrieved so far. Search teams believe most of the remains may still be inside the fuselage of the plane, which has yet to be found.
The search and rescue team also retrieved a composite piece from near the aircraft's wing yesterday, said AirAsia QZ8501 investigator Nurcahyo of Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee.
Autopsies carried out on several victims have revealed impact injuries such as broken legs, but no burns.
Air-safety experts said that means there likely wasn't any fire or explosion that tore through the plane on its way down, and the jet probably hit the water at a shallow angle.
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