The Amtrak train apparently was travelling at about 75 mph when the engineer noticed the deformity in the rail and pulled the brakes, a US official told The Associated Press.
The official spoke on the condition of anonymity because the official wasn't authorized to speak publicly about the federal investigation.
The train carrying 131 passengers and 14 crew was travelling from Los Angeles to Chicago when it derailed shortly after midnight along a straight stretch of tracks in flat farmland near Cimarron, a small community about 160 miles west of Wichita. Eight cars derailed and four of them ended up on their sides.
Ashley Rogers, a spokeswoman for Grey County, said none of the injuries were life-threatening.
It wasn't known if any crew members were among the injured.
Daniel Aiken, 21, of Lenexa, Kansas, said he heard screaming as he climbed out of their overturned car.
He stopped to smell a fluid that was flowing through the car, fearful that it was fuel, but was reassured when he realized it was water.
"Once people realized the train wasn't going to blow up," he said, "they calmed down."
"All the lights went out, it was dark," passenger Daniel Szczerba told Wichita TV station KWCH.
"People traveling in groups (of) four or five got thrown around the car as it turned over and lost people as they were trying to get out of the emergency exits."
Amtrak didn't say how fast the train was traveling when it derailed, and it didn't immediately respond to calls seeking further details.
It was foggy in the area at the time, but it wasn't immediately known if that played any role.
Andy Williams, a spokesman for BNSF Railway, which owns the track, referred questions to Amtrak.
Amtrak said it is working with BNSF on the investigation.
Uninjured passengers were taken to the Cimarron community center to wait for Amtrak to make arrangements to transport them to their destinations.
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