Brussels said the test were "unethical and unacceptable" and urged Germany to investigate them, the latest scandal to hit its car manufacturers.
"We are shocked by the news as everybody else. We take note of the German authorites aim to investigate the matter and we hope that they will," European Commission spokesman Margaritis Schinas told a daily briefing.
Industry commissioner Elzbieta Bienkowska, who is leading the EU's response to the Volkswagen "Dieselgate" emissions testing scandal, made a similar call for action.
"Again: just the fault of a few individuals, or rather a systemic problem of company culture? Time to invest in zero emissions. #cleanairnow".
On Monday the Sueddeutsche and Stuttgarter Zeitung dailies reported that a research group funded by Volkswagen, Daimler and BMW had ordered a study in Germany measuring the effects of inhaling nitrogen oxide gases on 25 healthy human beings.
The revelation came just days after the New York Times wrote that the same organisation locked 10 monkeys into airtight chambers and made them breathe in diesel exhausts from a VW Beetle while watching cartoons in 2014.
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