Weather officials issued a frost warning saying an "intense cold surge" was in place, coupled with chilling monsoon winds.
Morning temperatures dropped to 3.3 Celsius in urban areas of the southern Chinese city, where most buildings lack central heating, and below freezing on the hills.
It is the coldest weather in 59 years, senior scientific officer Wong Wai-kin told AFP.
"It is the coldest day since 1957. The daily minimum dropped to 3.3 degrees Celsius, the previous record was 2.4 degrees in February of 1957," he told AFP.
"It is very cold and windy over Hong Kong. People are advised to put on warm clothes and to avoid prolonged exposure to wintry winds," read a note published on a city government website.
As the mercury dropped, curious residents flocked to higher ground in search of frost, according to local broadcaster Cable TV.
"It's very cold, my feet feel numb," a young visitor to Tai Mo Shan, the highest mountain in Hong Kong, told the broadcaster.
About 20 participants of a cross country race were sent to hospital after experiencing symptoms associated with hypothermia, according to local media.
Conditions are not expected to warm up until the middle of the week, said weather forecasters.
According to the Hong Kong Observatory, the coldest weather occurred in January 1893, when temperatures plunged to 0 C.
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