Nearly 600 firefighters and 160 vehicles were dispatched late yesterday to tackle the blaze, which broke out in the afternoon in the municipality of Pedrogao Grande, about 50 kilometres from Coimbra, before spreading fast across several fronts.
"Unfortunately, this seems to be the greatest tragedy we have seen in recent years in terms of forest fires," a visibly moved Prime Minister Antonio Costa said.
"The number of fatalities could still rise," he said at the Civil Protection headquarters near Lisbon.
The European Union said it would provide firefighting planes following a request from Lisbon.
"France has offered three planes through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism and they will be quickly sent to assist the local emergency efforts," EU Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management Christos Stylianides said.
Portugal was sweltering under a severe heatwave across the weekend, with temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius in several regions.
Some 60 forest fires broke out across the country during the night, with around 1,700 firefighters battling to put them out.
"The fire is still raging on four fronts," he said, of which two were spreading "violently".
"It is difficult to say if they were fleeing the flames or were taken by surprise," Gomes said, speaking of the dead.
Dry thunderstorms were thought to have been the cause of the fatal blaze, according to the prime minister.
A number of villages were affected by the main fire and homes were evacuated. Some were sheltered in neighbouring areas.
Officials were not immediately able to comment on the extent of the damage.
Spain dispatched two water-bombing planes today to aid the Portuguese fire service on the ground, Costa said.
He added a period of national mourning would be announced shortly.
"My thoughts are with the victims in Portugal," EU commission head Jean-Claude Juncker tweeted. "I commend the bravery of the firefighters. EU civil protection mechanism activated & will help."
President Marcelo Rebelo went to the Leiria region to meet families of the victims, "sharing their pain in the name of all the Portuguese people," he said.
Dozens of people who fled their homes were taken in by residents of the nearby municipality of Ansiao.
"There are people who arrived saying they didn't want to die in their homes, which were surrounded by flames," Ansiao resident Ricardo Tristao told reporters.
Portugal was hit by a series of fires last year which devastated more than 1,000 square kilometres of the mainland.
Fires on the tourist island of Madeira in August killed three people, while over the course of 2016 around 40 homes were destroyed and 5,400 hectares of land burned.
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