India's space observatory accomplishes X-ray polarisation

Astrosat, India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, has accomplished the extremely strenuous job of X-ray polarisation, putting up a strong challenge to prevailing theories of high energy radiation from pulsars.
In a paper published in the reputed journal 'Nature Astronomy', a team of Indian astronomers has documented the results of their 18-month study of the Crab Pulsar in the Taurus constellation and measured the variations of polarisation as this highly-magnetised neutron star spins around 30 times every second.
Scientists and astronomers, who participated in the project hail from the country's top scientific institutes -- the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai; the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram; ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bengaluru; The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune; and Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.

A pulsar is a celestial body, believed to be made up on neutrons, and rotates 30 times per second. Even though they are comparatively tiny in size, they have mass more than that of the entire Sun, and hence are known as compact objects.
Having an extremely large mass condensed in a very small volume, these objects possess extremely strong gravitational and magnetic fields, both approximately trillion times that on the Earth.
"They are known to be sources of intense X-ray radiation, electromagnetic waves similar to light but having ten to hundred thousand times higher energy, which carries vital clues to understand them as well as the physical processes responsible for the radiation," the IUCAA said in a statement.

Astronomers have extensively studied various properties of this radiation to piece together a complete picture of compact objects and their immediate surroundings.

However, the puzzle often remains incomplete due the missing information about the elusive properties of X-rays known as polarisation.
X-ray polarisation measurement is so difficult that so far the only reliable measurement obtained worldwide is for the pulsar in the Crab Nebula - the ghostly remains of a massive stellar explosion known as supernova, observed in 1054 AD.
The scientists using data from the CZT (Cadmium Zinc Telluride) imager instrument of the Astrosat satellite, launched in September, 2015, have performed the most sensitive measurement of X-ray polarisation of the Crab Pulsar, the rotating neutron star which is the main energy source of the nebula.

"These measurements have, for the first time, enabled the study of polarisation at different rotation phases of the pulsar," the statement added.
It has been observed that the polarisation is varying the most in the off-pulse duration when no contribution from the pulsar is expected, which poses a serious challenge to most of the current theories of how this object produces X-rays, the statement said.