Lunar impacts created seas of molten rock on Moon

Molten rock may have been present on the Moon's surface more recently and for longer periods than previously thought, a new study has found, which may help determine the exact age of the Earth's natural satellite.
As the lunar magma ocean cooled over millions of years, it differentiated to form the Moon's crust and mantle.
However, according to a new analysis by planetary scientists from Brown University, this wasn't the last time the Moon's surface was melted on a massive scale.
The research using NASA's Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), led by researcher William Vaughan, shows that the impact event that formed the Orientale basin on the Moon's western edge and far side produced a sea of melted rock 220 miles across and at least six miles deep.

Similar seas of impact melt were probably present at various times in at least 30 other large impact basins on the Moon.
Vaughan and his colleagues show that as these melt seas cooled, they differentiated in a way that was similar to the lunar magma ocean. As a result, rocks formed in melt seas could be mistaken for "pristine" rocks formed very early in the Moon's history, the researchers say.

"This work adds the concept of impact melt magma seas to the lexicon of lunar rock-forming processes," said planetary geologist James W Head III, senior researcher of the study.
"It emphasises that one must consider the detailed point of origin of the rocks in order to interpret them correctly," James said in a statement.

That includes rocks brought back during the Apollo program and Russia's Luna missions. It's quite possible, the researchers say, that impact melt material is present in lunar samples thought to be representative of the early formation of the lunar crust.
The amount of rock formed in melt seas is far from trivial. Vaughan and his colleagues estimate that impacts forming the Moon's 30 large basins produced 100 million cubic kilometres of melt, enough to make up 5 percent of the Moon's crust.
If lunar samples do include melt material, it would help to explain some puzzling findings from lunar samples. For example, in 2011 an analysis of a sample assumed to have originated in the early lunar crust suggested that the sample was 200 million years younger than the estimated time when the lunar magma ocean solidified.

That led some researchers to conclude either that the Moon is younger than previously estimated or that the lunar magma ocean theory was flawed. But if that sample actually originated from a melt sea, its young age could be explained without rewriting the history of the Moon.
The study was published in the journal Icarus.