The protesters gathered in the city's Kadikoy Square to call for the resignation of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) government, an AFP photographer saw.
Some of the demonstrators held up shoe boxes to show their anger over recent claims of widespread bribery by members of Erdogan's Islamic-leaning government.
Twenty-four people have been charged so far in connection with the high-profile graft investigation, including the sons of Interior Minister Muammer Guler and Economy Minister Zafer Caglayan, as well as the chief executive of state-owned Halkbank.
Erdogan has described the corruption probe, which comes ahead of crucial March municipal polls, as a smear operation against his government, which has been in power since 2002.
He has responded to the probe with a deep purge of the police force, sacking dozens of police officials for cooperating with the investigation without permission.
Ambitious urban development projects led by Erdogan, a former Istanbul mayor, were one cause of the massive anti-government protests in June sparked by a police crackdown on a peaceful sit-in against plans to raze an Istanbul park.
