Dozens of other people were also detained as hundreds gathered in central Moscow after the charismatic 38-year-old opposition leader called on Russians to take to the streets against President Vladimir Putin's regime following Tuesday's court ruling.
A Moscow judge found both Navalny and his brother Oleg guilty of embezzlement and sentenced them to three and a half years, but while Navalny's sentence was suspended, his younger brother, who is not involved in politics, was ordered to serve the time behind bars.
Navalny, who was put under house arrest earlier this year, managed to escape and took a selfie on the Moscow metro as he sought to join the crowd bound for Manezhnaya square.
But a policeman grabbed him and hauled him into a van.
"That I am detained means nothing," he wrote from the van on FireChat. "They cannot detain everyone," he said, asking people to stay put and brave the freezing temperatures of minus 15 degrees Celsius (five degrees Fahrenheit).
Russia's prison service said it was notifying the court about Navalny's house arrest violation -- a move that could see his suspended sentence converted to a term behind bars.
Over 130 other people were detained at the rally, which did not receive the required authorisation from city hall, according to OVD-Info, an NGO that monitors arrests.
Navalny described Tuesday's verdict as "the most mean and disgusting possible" and said Putin's regime was using a strategy to "torture and torment the relatives of its political opponents."
Navalny has become a major thorn in the Kremlin's side over the last few years.
He first built a massive support base on the Internet as an anti-corruption blogger, then rallied tens of thousands during the 2011-12 anti-Putin protests and most recently coming in second in last year's Moscow mayoral race after a grassroots campaign against the Kremlin's candidate.
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