Silver nanoparticles harming marine life

Silver nanoparticles, increasingly used in personal care products and the pharmaceutical industry, is toxic for fishes and may be harming marine life, a study has found.

Researchers from University of the Basque Country in Spain found that soluble silver cause short-term alterations (three days) and nanoparticles longer-term alterations (21 days).

In both cases the animals had purified themselves of the silver accumulated in their bodies after spending six months in clean waters, although inflammation of the gills was found to remain after being exposed to the metal.

What stands out among the main conclusions of the study is the fact that the distribution of the metal in the organs of the fish is influenced by the form (soluble or nanoparticles) that the silver takes in the water.

In the study, three groups of 50-60 adult zebrafish each were used in three aquaria. Silver nitrate was added to the first tank to produce water-soluble silver; 20-nanometre silver nanoparticles were added to the second; clean water was added to the third which was used as the control.

The groups in the contaminated tanks remained exposed to both forms of the metal for 21 days before spending a further six months in clean water for the purpose of studying the consequences of long-term exposure to silver.

A concentration of metal regarded as environmentally significant was used, in other words, a concentration that could be found in nature, for example at the outfall of wastewater from treatment plants.

The accumulation of a substance is the first step for intoxication to take place.

It can be deduced from the analyses that the fish accumulate similar concentrations of metal after being exposed to soluble silver and silver nanoparticles, researchers said.

After 6 months in clean water the initial metal concentration levels were recovered. The conclusions differed when the organs of the fish were analysed.

The distribution of silver in the liver and intestines depended on the type of metal used in the treatment, but both treatments led to inflammation of the gills of the fish, an effect that remained even after six months in clean water.

The analysis of the transcriptome of the liver revealed a strong impact of exposure to silver. The effect of soluble silver was more intense after three days of exposure when changes were detected in the expression levels of a total of 410 genic sequences.

In the case of silver nanoparticles, the alteration was detected 21 days later and affected 799 sequences.