Slogan-shouting activists traveled from all over the country to join the demonstration at the Shaheed Minar memorial in Dhaka.
Campaigners have been protesting for the last three years against the under-construction plant which is 14 kilometers (nine miles) north of Sundarbans forest, part of which is a UNESCO world heritage site.
"We can build as many power plants as possible. But we can't create another Sundarbans if it is destroyed by the Rampal power plant. All the rare tigers, dolphins and other animals will be destroyed," said Saddam Hossain, 21, from the northern city of Bogra.
Organisers said more than 20,000 people had joined the protest and were expecting up to 100,000 as the day progressed.
Police were reluctant to give a figure but said the number would be lower than the organisers' estimate.
Last month UNESCO urged Bangladesh to halt construction of the plant.
It said there was a high chance pollution from the plant would "irreversibly damage" the Sundarbans, which straddles the border of India and Bangladesh and provides a barrier against storm surges and cyclones that have killed thousands of people in impoverished coastal villages.
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