The shock departure, which echoes a situation involving Marcus Trescothick in 2006-2007, comes after Trott made scores of 10 and nine in the first Test match which England lost by 381 runs.
"Jonathan Trott has returned from England's current tour of Australia with a stress-related illness," said a tweet from the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB).
"Trott will take a break from cricket for the foreseeable future and will take no further part in the tour... Trott's return to cricket will determined in due course."
Trott has been a stalwart of the England team in recent years, averaging 46.45 in his 49 Test matches.
In brief comments released by the ECB, Trott did not give any details of his condition but said he could not play on "knowing that I'm not 100 percent".
"I don't feel it's right that I'm playing knowing that I'm not 100 percent. I cannot currently operate at the level I have done in the past," he said.
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