He also accused Russian President Vladimir Putin is trying to "break" NATO.
The Senate Armed Services Committee voted 24-3 on a one-time exception for Mattis to serve as Donald Trump's defense secretary.
The measure is necessary because Mattis hasn't been out of uniform for at least seven years.
Democrats Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut and Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts opposed the legislation, which is expected to face votes in a House committee and the full Senate later in the day.
At his confirmation hearing today, Mattis portrayed Russia as a strategic adversary and said the history of U.S.-Russian relations is short on successful efforts at lasting cooperation, something President-elect Donald Trump has pledged to pursue.
While he agreed with thrust of Trump's plan to increase the size of the US military, Mattis' views on Russia appeared dissonant with that of his potential commander-in-chief.
Trump has repeatedly emphasized his hope for good relations with Putin, even as US intelligence agencies have accused the Russian leader of orchestrating a campaign of interference in the 2016 US election.
He said he has explained to Trump his views on Russia, which include a deep worry that Moscow is determined to create a sphere of unstable states on its periphery through intimidation.
Mattis said he supports the Obama administration's moves to reassure European allies after Moscow's annexation of Ukraine's Crimea region and military activity in eastern Ukraine. While the US should remain open to working with Russia, Mattis said, the prospects for cooperation were narrowing.
The context was clear. As Mattis spoke, Trump's choice to run the CIA, Rep. Mike Pompeo of Kansas, sided with intelligence officials who claim the Kremlin was behind the election cyberattacks, adopting a similarly tough stand against Russia. Ties between the former Cold War foes also have been strained by Syria's civil war.
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