"We disagree with the US decision to move its embassy to Jerusalem and recognise Jerusalem as the Israeli capital," she said in a statement.
"We believe it is unhelpful in terms of prospects for peace in the region."
The prime minister reaffirmed that Britain's embassy to Israel would remain in Tel Aviv and her government's belief that the status of Jerusalem "should be determined in a negotiated settlement between the Israelis and the Palestinians".
But May, who sparred with Trump last week over the US president's retweeting of a British far-right group, said she shared her counterpart's "desire to bring an end to this conflict".
"We welcome his commitment today to a two-state solution negotiated between the parties, and note the importance of his clear acknowledgement that the final status of Jerusalem, including the sovereign boundaries within the city, must be subject to negotiations between the Israelis and the Palestinians."
Trump's declaration -- met by fierce regional condemnation -- ends seven decades of deliberate diplomatic ambiguity about the final status of a holy city vociferously claimed by both Israelis and Palestinians.
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