The weapons, including machine guns capable of firing thousands of rounds a minute, were handed over at a ceremony in Manila that highlighted a decade-old American counter- terrorism assistance programme to the Philippines worth about $150 million.
"This equipment will enhance the (Philippine Marines') counterterrorism capabilities, and help protect (troops) actively engaged in counterterrorism operations in the southern Philippines," a US embassy statement said.
Philippine Marines chief Major General Emmanuel Salamat said at the ceremony troops would use the weapons in the ongoing battle against Islamist militants in the southern city of Marawi.
In response to the violence, President Rodrigo Duterte quickly declared martial law in the southern region of Mindanao to quell what he said was a fast-growing threat from IS there.
The Philippines and the United States have for decades been close allies, and they are bound by a 1951 mutual defence treaty to protect each other if attacked.
The United States is the Philippines' biggest supplier of military hardware and arms.
Duterte has called for the withdrawal of American troops from his country while scaling down joint military exercises in response to US criticism of his deadly war on drugs.
He has looked to China and Russia as new sources of weapons, and complained about the quality of "second-hand" American military hardware.
"I will not accept any more military equipment that is second hand. The ones the Americans are giving, I do not want that anymore," Duterte said on Friday.
It included four M134D Gatling-style machine guns, which are capable of firing thousands of rounds a minute, as well as 300 M4 assault rifles and 100 grenade launchers.
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