"Turkey's president is blackmailing the United States," preacher Fethullah Gulen wrote in a New York Times opinion piece.
"His goal: to ensure my extradition, despite a lack of credible evidence and virtually no prospect for a fair trial. The temptation to give Mr Erdogan whatever he wants is understandable. But the United States must resist it."
Gulen has lived in Pennsylvania in voluntary exile since 1999. He is spiritual leader of the Hizmet movement, which promotes moderate Islam but which Erdogan has dubbed a terrorist group.
A subsequent crackdown has seen more than 13,000 people detained and tens of thousands more sacked from their jobs.
Gulen, who lives on the edge of the Poconos, a scenic area of forest, lakes and hills popular as a weekend hideaway with New Yorkers, denies having anything to do with the failed coup.
In the Times, he accused Erdogan's government of shifting towards "a dictatorship" that was "polarizing the population" and "fueling the fanatics."
"The United States must not accommodate an autocrat who is turning a failed putsch into a slow-motion coup of his own against constitutional government," Gulen wrote.
Last week, state-run media reported that Turkey had cut his modest state pension and cancelled his social security rights.
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