It said in a statement that the two had been interrogated over the weekend, and that Holy See prosecutors upheld the arrests.
The woman was identified as Francesca Chaouqui and the monsignor as the Rev. Lucio Angel Vallejo Balda. The monsignor is a Vatican employee while Chaouqui had served on a commission set up by Pope Francis in 2013 as part of his drive to reform the Holy See's finances.
A Vatican spokesman said Vallejo Balda was being held in a jail cell in Vatican City, and that Chaouqui was allowed to go free because she cooperated in the probe.
Leaks of confidential documents from retired Pope Benedict XVI's papers in 2012 led to the arrest and trial of a papal butler and a Vatican computer technician. A 2013 Vatican law made it a crime to leak confidential documents and information.
Last week, Italian news reports said the Vatican's gendarmeria, or police force, were investigating to see who had tampered with the computer of a top Vatican prelate who deals with financial matters.
The Vatican today confirmed that there was an investigation into the tampering, but declined to say if that incident was related to the two arrests.
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