It was the latest in a month of demonstrations that have left 28 people dead in clashes between riot police and anti- government protesters, according to prosecutors.
A crowd yelling "Freedom!" rallied near the Ramo Verde prison yesterday on the outskirts of Caracas.
That is where the most prominent of the prisoners, Popular Will party leader Leopoldo Lopez, is being held.
It was the latest in a month of volatile and deadly demonstrations.
The center-right-led opposition is demanding elections to remove President Nicolas Maduro. It blames him for an economic crisis that has caused shortages of food, medicine and other basics.
A lead prosecutor in the case later alleged irregularities in his conviction.
Lopez's wife, Lilian Tintori, has become one of the international faces of Venezuela's political crisis.
She has traveled to meet with foreign officials to raise awareness of her husband's fate.
"They did not let us go to see Leopoldo... We have gone a month without seeing or hearing him," she told reporters near the prison.
"They say he is being held in isolation as a sanction. Freedom for all political prisoners," Tintori said.
Others gathered near an intelligence service detention center in Caracas. Similar marches were called in other cities.
On the road to Ramo Verde, military police mounted a barrier of trucks and metal fencing.
Attempts by protesters to march towards other sensitive state institutions have erupted into deadly violence over recent days.
The United States, European lawmakers and other international authorities have urged Maduro's government to free people they called political prisoners.
The opposition says there are 170 such detainees.
The government denies they are locked up for political reasons, insisting they were jailed for violent crimes or conspiracy.
Protesters took to the streets in anger at attempts by the courts to strengthen Maduro's grip on power.
Maduro accuses Washington of leading a plot to overthrow him and says the economic crisis is a US-backed capitalist conspiracy.
On Wednesday he launched steps to pull Venezuela out of the Organization of American States, a key diplomatic grouping, in anger at pressure over the crisis.
"To the imperialists I say: enough," he said in a speech late Thursday. "Don't meddle in Venezuela."
"I want to live in a democracy again," said one demonstrator, retired teacher Reina Romero, 71, told AFP yesterday.
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